Why it is included
Vitamin B12 plays a key role in cellular metabolism and energy production. It supports digestive health and contributes to maintaining efficient metabolic function across the body.
Ingredient
Vitamin B12
Cobalamin
Supports normal energy metabolism and gastrointestinal function in dogs.
Steady energy metabolism
Taurine
Supports normal cardiac function and cellular energy balance in dogs.
Antioxidant defenceZinc
Supports normal immune function, skin health, and antioxidant defence in dogs.
Steady energy metabolism
Vitamin B2
Supports normal energy production and cellular metabolism in dogs.
Steady energy metabolism
Vitamin B5
Supports normal energy metabolism in dogs.
Daily maintenance
MSM
Supports structural integrity and normal cellular maintenance.
Antioxidant defence
Copper
Supports normal enzymatic activity and connective tissue formation in dogs.
Gut–immune baseline
Inulin
Supports a healthy gut microbiome and digestive function in dogs.
Antioxidant defence
Vitamin C
Supports antioxidant protection and immune function in dogs.
Antioxidant defence
Vitamin E
Supports antioxidant defence in dogs.
Daily maintenanceGlycine
Supports normal metabolic and cellular function.
Research notes
References for further reading
- Toresson, L., Steiner, J.M., Suchodolski, J.S. and Spillmann, T. (2016) ‘Oral cobalamin supplementation in dogs with chronic enteropathies and hypocobalaminemia’, Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 30(1), pp. 101–107
- Chang, C.-H., Steiner, J.M., Williams, D.A. and Suchodolski, J.S. (2022) ‘Effect of oral or injectable supplementation with cobalamin in dogs with hypocobalaminemia caused by chronic enteropathy or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency’, Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 36(5), pp. 1607–1615